Top-tier U.S.-based pharmaceutical companies are moving their clinical trials overseas at warp speed, raising questions about ethics, quality control, and even the scientific value of their findings for people back in the U.S.
At the India Institute of Medical Sciences in New Delhi, the deaths of 49 children during clinical trials at the hospital prompted questions about the latest outsourcing business to sweep India. This narrated video report by the St. Petersburg Times (TampaBay.com), incorporating interviews with Indian patients and their families, shows that oversight is lax and options are few for participants in India's booming clinical trial business.
The overstretched government hospital and medical college treats about four million people a year. It's also one of a growing number of Indian hospitals that use their patients to gather data on experimental drugs destined for Western markets. Though the hospital blamed the 49 children's deaths on underlying illnesses, the news triggered unease about a drug-testing phenomenon, propelled by mountains of money, that has swept India with little publicity. As the world flattens, India is not just answering our tech calls. Global drug companies are tapping its population of nearly 1.2-billion to test the safety and effectiveness of compounds that, if approved, will end up in medicine cabinets in the United States. The distance has been compressed between a patient trying a new diabetes drug in New Delhi and the retiree who will buy that prescription in New York.
It is a problematic situation because, first of all, the data must be applicable to the U.S., where the population may differ in clinically significant ways. Secondly, oversight is lax. In the past three years, the FDA has inspected just eight of the thousands of trial sites in India.
Video & Photos: Kathleen Flynn
Story: Kris Hundley
Many of the trials are taking place in developing countries in Eastern Europe and Asia where study participants are often poorer and less educated than are study participants in the U.S., according to researchers at Duke Clinical Research Institute (DCRI).
"The FDA is supposed to provide oversight for such trials, but it simply wasn't designed to handle this kind of situation," says Kevin Schulman, M.D., the senior author of the report appearing in the New England Journal of Medicine . Schulman says the number of Food and Drug Administration investigators based outside the U.S. has grown by 15 percent every year since 2002, while the number of U.S.-based investigators has fallen just over 5 percent during the same period.
Schulman and a research team led by Seth Glickman, M.D., a senior scholar at Duke's Fuqua School of Business, used the clinicaltrials.gov registry to examine recruitment patterns in industry-sponsored Phase 3 trials in 2007. Phase 3 trials are typically the largest and most meaningful trials, often involving thousands of patients. They found that about a third of the trials (157 of 509) were being solely conducted outside the U.S. They also discovered that over half the study sites (13,521 of 24,206) lay outside U.S. borders.
Researchers also reviewed 300 articles reporting clinical trial results appearing in the New England Journal of Medicine , the Journal of the American Medical Association and the Lancet in 1995 and 2005 and found that over that decade, the number of clinical trial sites abroad doubled, while the number in the U.S and Western Europe declined.
"There are powerful forces luring clinical trials overseas, including the lower cost of doing business and access to larger study populations," says Glickman. "The cost per participant in a clinical trial in India, for example, can be only one-tenth of what it is in the U.S."
"But there are equally powerful forces pushing," says Schulman, who adds that a mix of well-intentioned policy efforts is actually creating barriers to conducting research in a timely fashion in the U.S.
The authors say some of the clinical trials abroad are raising concern about aligning research to the health needs of the population under study. "It's pretty clear that companies are testing drugs in countries where they will not be marketed or sold," says Glickman. "This is a major ethical concern." The researchers found plenty of examples where companies were testing drugs for conditions such as allergic rhinitis, fibromyalgia and overactive bladders in emerging markets - rather than treatments for diseases like malaria or tuberculosis that might be more prevalent there.
Glickman says social ecology and genetics may also play a role in trial outcomes, and may limit their applicability to patients who do not share such characteristics. For example, healthcare-rich economies produce patients with one set of characteristics, while participants with little access to healthcare may have quite different profiles. "It is conceivable that use of the same drug in both populations would produce markedly different results." Likewise, genetic polymorphisms, or "signatures" in some populations can affect response to certain drugs, making it inappropriate to apply results from studies in these populations to patients who do not share those characteristics.
"Clearly, there is some benefit for everyone involved in clinical trials overseas," says Glickman. "Generally, such trials increase local prosperity, education and access to better healthcare. And it is critical that new drugs and devices be tested in diverse populations. In order to for that to properly continue, however, we need a robust research framework that will protect trial participants and ensure that sponsors adhere to the highest ethical standards."
The authors say a body such as the Institute of Medicine or the World Health Organization could create an international commission that would bring industry, academia, regulatory agencies and patient advocacy groups to the same table. "The future of the pharmaceutical and device industries is predicated on addressing these issues," they write.
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